The Research Institute of the University of Jambi is a body supported by some study centre such as the Centre for Environmental Study, The Centre for the Watershed Management, and the Centre for Peat Lands.
Therefore, it is still needed the land recovery and the good method to overcome and handle the degradation of land. On the other hand, there are still some degraded lands as the result of mining activity. Some technology, policy, and strategy of the land reclamation have been applied. The policy and the reclamation technology of land should be done simultaneously by the commitment of all stockholders. However, the degraded land could only be recovered its function through the reclamation technology and followed by the strategy of its implication. The implication of the policy of the sustainable land use is a preventive method that could overcome the land degradation. Some human activities such as mining have exploited land resources through the utilization of fertilize land so that it causes the degradation of land functions and at the end of the day it expands the more degradation of land. In fact, now a days there are land resources in the critical condition (degraded land). Land resource plays as an important role on improving the human welfare. Keywords: Export performance, export competitiveness, industrial crude palm oil, roundtable sustainable palm oil, and international market While the trade quantity and RCA of Indonesian CPO exports there are significant differences in the Indian and US markets. The results of the compare means paired samples test before the RSPO 2006-2011 period and after the RSPO 2012-2017 period, found that the trade value of Indonesia's CPO exports before and after the RSPO was not significant. However, Indonesian's CPO export competitiveness with the RCA index does not have a significant difference in the Indian and USA markets. The results of comparing means independent samples t test against trade value and quantity have a significant difference between Indonesia's CPO exports in the Indian market and the USA market. Export competitiveness with the RCA index in the USA market is higher than the Indian market, amounting to 26.50% and 19.24%.
Whereas in the USA market it was 8,536,001 thousand USD with an average of USD 388,000,06 thousand. The description of export performance measured by trade flow (value and quantity) shows the trade value of Indonesia's CPO trade in the Indian market of USD 70,885.52 thousand with an average of USD 388,000.06 thousand in the 1996-2017 period. Comparison is done descriptively and the analysis of compare means means independent samples t test and paired samples test. This study aims to describe and compare the export performance and export competitiveness of Indonesia's CPO (crude palm oil) trade in both markets. The implementation of the RSPO (roundtable on sustainable palm oil) has been implemented since 2012 in the United States market, but the Indian market has not. Such situation may affect the Pekan District as a major rice producer in Pahang in future due to the unsustain smallholder economy activities.
Thus, this review will notify state governments, related agencies and the private sector to draw attention to this neglected and vulnerable rural smallholder activities.
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Based on in-depth interview with local smallholder farmers and series site visit for field observation, there are at least three challenges has been highlighted occurred in study area included (1) labor shortages due to outmigration, (2) lack of skills, professional advice, training and finance and (3) the low quality of soil and agricultural land.
The article focuses on an adaptation of smallholder in the rural area towards current challenges of practising it locally, with particular reference to Kampung Merchong that located in Pekan District, Pahang State, Malaysia. In rural areas of Malaysia, there are several challenges has been identified by applying smallholder activities. The agriculture sector is a source of livelihood worldwide. Smallholders become increasingly significant for global agricultural value chains.
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